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Akram sadat Hoseini; Yahya Mirhosseini; Kamal Sahraei
Abstract
The phrase al-jafāt al-ṭaghām (the brutal riff-raffs) has been applied three times in Nahj al-Balagha concerning Levantines. Imam Ali has described the people as foul-tempered and among the riff-raffs the only reason behind the victory of whom is their unity. Strikingly, jafāt ṭaghām has been ...
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The phrase al-jafāt al-ṭaghām (the brutal riff-raffs) has been applied three times in Nahj al-Balagha concerning Levantines. Imam Ali has described the people as foul-tempered and among the riff-raffs the only reason behind the victory of whom is their unity. Strikingly, jafāt ṭaghām has been used with both definite and indefinite articles, and Imam Ali (PBUH) has expressed his amazement that Levantines have obeyed Mu’awiya without receiving ma’ūna. Regarding what Imam Ali has attributed to the people, exegetes have accounted for his amazement merely by the obedience without any rewards. Some of the exegetes have understood ma’ūna as reward and allowance, yet have expressed their surprise by saying that it is impossible that Mu’awiya had not given any rewards to his army. Some others’ analysis is that ma’ūna means bonuses apart from the monthly wages, for grooming quadruples and repairing arms. This study has re-identified the concept of jafāt ṭaghām through the analytic-descriptive method. The final conclusion is that any groups, whether high or low-ranking, that ignored the authority of and faithfulness and obedience towards Imam Ali’s government, entertained grabbing power, objected to his policies and/or disturbed the security of towns were described as ‘brutal riff-raffs’. Furthermore, some of the groups were identified by this study who did not receive any rewards from Mu’awiya, which precisely fits Imam Ali’s description. Through the identification of al-ṭaghām, it was realized that Imam Ali (PBUH) expressed amazement not merely at the brutal riff-raffs who obeyed Mu’awiya without receiving any rewards, but also at those companions who did not accept equal payments and did not like his methods.
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Alireza janalizadeh chenari; Mohammad mostafa Asady
Abstract
The problem of the current research is that according to the reports in the historical and narrative sources, what functions did the prophecies mentioned in Imam Ali''s statements towards the opposing social and religious currents have? According to the findings of this research, the functions of divination ...
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The problem of the current research is that according to the reports in the historical and narrative sources, what functions did the prophecies mentioned in Imam Ali''s statements towards the opposing social and religious currents have? According to the findings of this research, the functions of divination in the Alevi way of life are: representation of prophetic hadiths, attempts to remove social divisions, representation of the illegitimacy of opponents, enmity by expressing attributes and actions, increasing insight towards the ignorant common people. Foresight in identifying anti-Ahl al-Bayt elements has been a source of security. The result of the research is that the imam, in his position as a French, would transfer this tool to the target society in a future-oriented approach, so that the society would benefit from his knowledge during the imam''s absence. Therefore, the prediction of the opposing currents in Imam Ali''s biography, the integration of needs assessment and foresight are considered in line with the goals of the Imamate current. This research is carried out in the form of a library with a descriptive and analytical method.
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sekineh amoozadi; feizollah akbari dastak; Abdolmajid Talebtash
Abstract
Due to their divine origins, divine hadiths play a highly significant role in introducing principles of Islamic knowledge. The book al-Jawahir al-Saniyya fi-l-Ahadith al-Qudsiyya written by Shaykh al-Hur al-Amili is a Shia text that has collected many divine hadiths on the subjects of belief and morality ...
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Due to their divine origins, divine hadiths play a highly significant role in introducing principles of Islamic knowledge. The book al-Jawahir al-Saniyya fi-l-Ahadith al-Qudsiyya written by Shaykh al-Hur al-Amili is a Shia text that has collected many divine hadiths on the subjects of belief and morality as well as stories of wisdom. Although containing important hadiths on various subjects, the book is lacking in a proper table of content, which necessitates a subject-based classification and content analysis of the various chapters of the book. Using the analytic-descriptive method, this study has classified and analyzed divine hadiths that have described the virtues of Imam Ali (PBUH). The results show that out of 691 divine hadiths in the book al-Jawahir al-Saniyya on different subjects 158 concern imamate. Among these, 71 hadiths describe a variety of Imam Ali (PBUH)’s virtues in different aspects. From the examination of these aspects, a perfect harmony between virtues of Imam Ali (PBUH) and Koranic verses has been concluded. The harmony is clear from the text of some Koranic verses, but from some other verses it needs to be inferred, and the harmony has been demonstrated using different methods of interpretation.
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TALAT DEHPAHLAVAN
Abstract
After the death of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), the emergence of new ideas and multiplicity of intellectual-cultural trends have been a constant challenge in the Islamic world. To converge these intellectual-cultural trends, is one of the most fundamental religious principles of Islam. From the time ...
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After the death of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), the emergence of new ideas and multiplicity of intellectual-cultural trends have been a constant challenge in the Islamic world. To converge these intellectual-cultural trends, is one of the most fundamental religious principles of Islam. From the time of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), intellectual convergence was dealt with through a single goal and belief around the axis of Imamate. The reign of Imam Ali (PBUH), which lasted up to 40 AH, ushered in an era of sectarianism, intellectual currents, uprisings, and internal rebellions against the Islamic caliphate, which in turn were dividing the Islamic Ummah. Imam Ali's (PBUH) confrontation with politically divisive factions played an important role in creating and strengthening unity and convergence of thought among the Islamic Ummah. Using the descriptive-analytic and library research methods, this article tries to find the strategic components of intellectual convergence from Imam Ali's (PBUH) point of view. These strategic components were at work in situations such as confrontations with caliphs and divisive opinions, in order to achieve a pattern of methods aligned to Islamic intellectual convergence. Imam Ali's (PBUH) methods that will be analyzed here include: correcting the fundamentals of beliefs combined with respect, and solving internal disputes and enmities among Muslims. These methods also include easing the tensions between rivals, and participating in political and military affairs, having an exemplary character, as well as adherence to the Qur'an and Prophetic Sunnah, etc. The hypothesis of the article is that Imam Ali (PBUH) has tried to revive the convergence of a single Islamic Ummah by understanding the political and social conditions and raising the level of people's awareness based on fundamental Islamic ideas. Imam Ali (PBUH) considered the roots of intellectual divergence to be in the lack of correct understanding of the religion and tradition of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the desire for power. Imam's actions in the direction of the intellectual convergence of the Ummah have been in the form of proper measures and guidance of the caliphs and interacting with various intellectual ways, including removing ambiguities and doubts and avoiding any divergent actions against the unity of the ummah.
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Kobra Rastgoo; Mohammad Fatehi
Abstract
One of the important points in the knowledge of cognitive linguistics is paying attention to image schemas and extracting possible schema changes in them; the first consequence of changing one schema to another will be the production of distinct themes. Considering the existence of sometimes very subtle ...
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One of the important points in the knowledge of cognitive linguistics is paying attention to image schemas and extracting possible schema changes in them; the first consequence of changing one schema to another will be the production of distinct themes. Considering the existence of sometimes very subtle misunderstandings in human interaction with spoken and written text and considering that the knowledge of cognitive linguistics is a suitable tool for analyzing the ways in which humans use language in everyday interactions, The present essay has tried to investigate the volume scheme of the letter "in" and its possible changes in Nahj al-Balagha sermons using the descriptive-analytical method and show that language phrases, using processes such as focus, perspective, etc., are a special way of They encode the perception of the current scene of daily life. Examining the data showed that the central/exemplary meaning of "in" has the function of being imprisoned, which includes several consequences such as being real and limiting the movements of the imprisoned being. Also, more abstract areas such as time, doubt and lust, covenants, Sharia law and etc. are encoded with this scheme, which strengthens and confirms the claim of the universality of the schemes even more. In addition, it was found that the volumetric scheme of the letter "in" includes the meanings of top, support and ring, besides the meaning of capacity base, in addition to schematic changes.
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fazlollah rezaei ardani; mahdi sadeghi
Abstract
Alevi concepts in poetic words cover another garment in such a way that poetry is mixed with Sharia and Alevi love is achieved with more knowledge. Therefore, in this research, with the descriptive-analytical and testimonial method, the study of Alevi doctrines and rituals in Jihun-Yazdi ritual mourning ...
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Alevi concepts in poetic words cover another garment in such a way that poetry is mixed with Sharia and Alevi love is achieved with more knowledge. Therefore, in this research, with the descriptive-analytical and testimonial method, the study of Alevi doctrines and rituals in Jihun-Yazdi ritual mourning is discussed. The findings of the research indicate that Alavi Manqbat in Jihoun's poetry has a special style, so that the words are formed in the framework of a specific thought and thinking to turn away from the world, to move towards the truth and to move towards perfection. In fact, Jihoon uses the two wings of "Fear and Raja" to deal with the Alevi Manqbat, and in this way, he considers Iman as a child of the marriage of these two wings, and considers the truth of his thought to be the grace of Ahl al-Bayt's character. The materials of the poet's words with the Alavi perspective take a step towards the happiness of man and in this way they reach the highest limit of using material and spiritual gifts, but in the meantime, the essence of the Sharia is beautifully revealed in the words of the poet, and the Sharia is a means or a shell for tariqa and reaching It turns into the truth of the Alevi school. In this way, the poet first implements Alavi's face in the form of a "design" in the poem and then draws the audience to Alavi's virtues so that the words of the poem inform us of the existence of Ahl al-Bayt and Alavi's personality appears in the horizon of words. It establishes a direct relationship with the reader so that the audience can find their way to the life of Ahl al-Bayt. The frequency of names of Imam Hussain (AS) is 0.39, Qamar Bani Hashem 0.15, Hazrat Zainab 0.14, Ali Asghar 0.7, Ali Akbar 0.6 and other Ahlul Bayt and martyrs 0.19.
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aboozar rafiei ghahsareh
Abstract
Political corruption and economic poverty are both among major problems with which human societies have been long grappling. Due to their magnitude, a whole variety of studies have been done concerning the relationship between the two phenomena. The present study tries to examine the impact of political ...
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Political corruption and economic poverty are both among major problems with which human societies have been long grappling. Due to their magnitude, a whole variety of studies have been done concerning the relationship between the two phenomena. The present study tries to examine the impact of political corruption on economic poverty using the findings of empirical research, and the comparative-analytic research method. The results show that in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s view, some manifestations of the impact of the political corruption on economic poverty can be observed in two models of governance and economy. This means that from his viewpoint the widespread political corruption resulting from economic and governance-related variables can in turn intensify economic poverty in society.
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Abstract
The government of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) has faced the most political, social, economic and... This research aims to answer this basic question with a descriptive and analytical method, what were the methods of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in managing political and social crises? The findings of ...
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The government of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) has faced the most political, social, economic and... This research aims to answer this basic question with a descriptive and analytical method, what were the methods of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in managing political and social crises? The findings of the research show that Hazrat was able to use three methods; cognitively, emotionally and behaviorally to manage political and social crises during his r Clarification of beliefs and convictions, political and social awareness, political exposure of opponents and answers to doubts from the most important cognitive methods, love and compassion, friendship and tolerance, preaching from the most important emotional methods and application of moral principles, consultation Adhering to commitments, confronting heretics and appropriate violence are some of the behavioral methods of His Holiness in managing political and social crises.
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ramazan mohammadi; Mohammad Hossein Karmi; Ali Dehghan Bahadi
Abstract
Administrative structures in the political system of any society play a significant role in combating and inhibiting administrative corruption. This article through the use of documentary research has sought to investigate and describe how Imam Ali (as) fought organized administrative corruption. After ...
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Administrative structures in the political system of any society play a significant role in combating and inhibiting administrative corruption. This article through the use of documentary research has sought to investigate and describe how Imam Ali (as) fought organized administrative corruption. After taking control of the government, Imam Ali (AS) faced two types of economic corruption; "organized and unorganized" economic corruption, in which organized administrative corruption is far more dangerous, complex, difficult, and with heavy consequences on the Muslim society. The findings of this research show that Imam Ali (a.s.) succeeded in eliminating the organized corruption from his political system by changing the structure of the Bayt al-mal system (as a financial administrative institution in Islamic states), reforming the method of distribution of the Bayt al-mal properties and financial resources and facing class conflict and systemic corruption. The first strategy of Imam Ali's action plan was to create a comprehensive program to deal with economic corruption, typology of economic corruption and then its eradication
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seyed reza mahdavi; mortaza iravanynajafi; hasan naghizadeh
Abstract
.The prophetic hadiths extolling the virtues of the Prophet Muhammad's household, known as Ahl al-Bayt, underwent a tumultuous journey following the Prophet's passing. The issue of succession after the Prophet's demise had a significant impact on the transmission of these hadiths among Sunni scholars, ...
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.The prophetic hadiths extolling the virtues of the Prophet Muhammad's household, known as Ahl al-Bayt, underwent a tumultuous journey following the Prophet's passing. The issue of succession after the Prophet's demise had a significant impact on the transmission of these hadiths among Sunni scholars, in contrast to Shiite scholars who preserved them. However, as the third Islamic century dawned, hadiths concerning the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt, especially those regarding Imam ʿAli, previously scattered in Sunni sources, began to be compiled into independent books. This research delves into the origins and context surrounding the composition of the first book on the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt by Muʿtazilite scholars. Employing an analytic-descriptive approach and drawing from historical and hadith sources, the study investigates why Muʿtazilite scholars began paying attention to these hadiths and compiling them into standalone works. Several factors spurred this development. These include the relaxation of restrictions on compiling hadiths, the decline and fall of the Umayyad dynasty, the ascendance of the Abbasid dynasty with its allegiance to "the chosen one from the family of Muhammad" (al-riḍā min Āl Muḥammad), al-Maʾmūn's efforts to promote the superiority of Imam ʿAli to appease Imam al-Riḍā and his followers, the political and social milieu of Baghdad, and the Muʿtazilites' interactions with various Shia groups, notably the Zaydis. Lingering tensions from the Umayyad era and biases towards figures like ʿUthmān also played a role. These multifaceted factors coalesced to prompt the writing of the inaugural book on the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt by Muʿṭazilite scholar Abū Jaʿfar al-Iskāfī
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mohammad mirii
Abstract
Recommendation of self-inspection is rigorously and emphatically present in religious teachings. Fallowing to Islamic law, in Islamic mysticism too, self-calculation is considered as an important guideline for spiritual wayfaring. Imam Ali (peace be upon him), in several parts of Nahj al-Balagha ...
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Recommendation of self-inspection is rigorously and emphatically present in religious teachings. Fallowing to Islamic law, in Islamic mysticism too, self-calculation is considered as an important guideline for spiritual wayfaring. Imam Ali (peace be upon him), in several parts of Nahj al-Balagha and in other prophetic sayings (ahadith) emphasized the importance of self-inspection and listed some of its most important results. In the recipe and guideline for self-inspection, has also mentioned some basic points including such as: "inspection the soul before entering into action", "allocating a free and dedicated time in the daily schedule to inspection", "seriousness and rigor in inspection", and "preparing a notebook for writing actions". It should also be noted that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) warned us and forbid us looking for faults in others and prying into their faults as an opposite point of self-examining and self-inspecting. The research about what has reached to us from Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him) regarding the self-inspecting makes the researchers' view clearer about the various aspects of the Sharia's perspective on the self-inspection, and relying on this comprehensive view, one can evaluate the words of the scholars and any other person who has said anything about self-inspection.
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Fatemeh Janahmadi; Furuzan Ahmadi
Abstract
The representation of Imam Ali (PBUH)’s conduct in historical sources has distinguished and unique aspects that reveal the breadth of his consistent and firm character as a role model and paragon for Muslim societies. Despite his unparalleled gallant military character at the time of battles and ...
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The representation of Imam Ali (PBUH)’s conduct in historical sources has distinguished and unique aspects that reveal the breadth of his consistent and firm character as a role model and paragon for Muslim societies. Despite his unparalleled gallant military character at the time of battles and jihads against infidels and hypocrites, in his community and family he was amiable, peaceful and kind, relying on rationality and gumption. Although historical sources have said a lot about Imam Ali (PBUH)’s military conduct, what distinguishes him as an outstanding ruler and caliph from his contemporaries is the perfection of his rationality when politics and diplomacy were concerned, as evidenced by a variety of his political and cultural negotiations and consultations from which his rational character in adopting governmental strategies can be inferred. Throughout the history these behavioral models have set examples of social strategy for Shiites. Accordingly, the present article aims to study some aspects of Imam Ali (PBUH)’s consultations during his caliphate, which, in spite of its shortness, enjoyed as much profundity as time enjoys infinity. The research questions of this study are as follows. What are the aspects of Imam Ali (PBUH)’s negotiations during his caliphate as behavioral models in politics? What are the target groups for political consultations from the viewpoint of Imam Ali (PBUH)? And what are the results of his cultural strategies in his political relations? This study has been conducted based on historical, descriptive and analytic studies, using historical sources and Imam Ali (PBUH)’s writings.
