Imam Ali ΄s Studies

Abstract This is an individual and social story based on the Didgah of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), with the title of a Drondini language and a source of Brundian respect, of great importance. In Dunstin's opinion, here is the topic, a collection of hadiths transmitted from Shaddah from Ishan, with the title Musnad of Imam Amir al-Mu'minin Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), which was published by Aziz Allah Attardi, his reading and description of the narrations of the goal of Pazhush - with pictures of his studies, Tamam Dadaha and Nah Gizinshi - Intikhab Shad. But then, - with a narrative-historical narrative and with a content analysis and semantic semantics, a study of the content of the frames of “individual zest,” “individual zest” and “social zest,” subjunctive division, parsing, and tense analysis. Here is the reason for this: a central signifier is an individual unit, with a linked population census, an association with the framework and nature, and a central signifier is a social link, Hidayat Mardam is linked to a population count.

Abstract Given boasting talks in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s Nahj al-Balagha, it seems necessary to explore them according to most recent methods of psychological analysis to ascertain whether self-praise can be attributed to the Islamic-spiritual leader. The category of self-praise contains many features of narcissism. This study first provides a psychological analysis of the boasting talks and then looks at them from a linguistic viewpoint. The research results make a substantial contribution to knowing the character of Imam Ali (PBUH) and interpretating old texts related to theosophical-historical issues. It belongs in the domain of historical and calculative psychology which examines behavior, the mind, and effects of historical, social and cultural factors. First, using the ‘representation of conceptual structure’ which is a new method of processing natural language aimed at linking natural language with psychometric measures, the study explores the text of Nahj al-Balagha and the convergence between it and Ruskin and Terry’s Narcissist Personality Inventory (NPI-40) which provides the most commonly used criteria for measuring narcissism in the literature of social and personality psychology. In addition to measuring the fulfilment of the criteria of narcissism by Imam Ali (PBUH)’s speeches in the text of Nahj al-Balagha, this study determines the regression between the text and seven sub-measures, and through exploring the text of Nahj al-Balagha has interpreted different aspects of the measure. According to the research statistics, Imam Ali (PBUH) does not show a narcissistic personality in Nahj al-Balagha, and sub-measures of exhibitionism and authority have the highest rate compared to other sub-measures. Third to these is self-sufficiency, and vanity and entitlement have the lowest rate. Furthermore, narcissism sub-measures in Nahj al-Balagha have the lowest rate in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s negative and reproachful statements, and the highest rate in his speech containing subjects of ‘rightfulness’, ‘praise and condemnation’, and ‘war’

Abstract Illustration is one of the most important methods of getting a subject matter tangibly and sensibly explained and depicted in the audience’s mind. Imam Ali (PBUH) in his Nahj al-Balagha has frequently employed the method in order to explain issues. One such issue a precise understanding of which has a significant impact on the destiny of individuals and society is that of knowing sedition and seditiousness. Utilizing precise metaphors, metonymies, similes, synecdoches, etc., Imam Ali (PBUH) has introduced seditionists, including stage-mangers of the Battle of Nahrawan and the Umayyads, and explained the stages of the formation, growth, and spread of sedition, and the way to face it. Thus, given the importance of the issue of sedition and impact of knowing it on one’s life, this study tries to explicate Imam Ali (PBHU)’s view on the issue with the narrative-descriptive method, and to show that, by using a variety of illustrations and literary creations, he has set the most beautiful example of introducing the face of sedition in different times.
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Imam Ali (PBUH)’s government is the quintessence of governance grounded in religion which provides an approach to observing human rights in today’s political systems. Imam Ali (PBUH), in the capacity of the Islamic ruler, explained the principles and examples of human rights in the light of human dignity and recommended observing the economic, social, political, and cultural rights to the government’s agents. Raising the research question of the basis for human rights in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s government, the present study, which was conducted within the theoretical framework of the essential rights and dignity of human beings, was aimed at explaining Imam Ali (PBUH)’s view and conduct about the basis for human rights. Using the historical- descriptive-analytic research method and library sources, the study reached the conclusion that human rights are predicated upon human dignity; and that Imam Ali (PBUH)’s equal provision of human rights with an emphasis on ‘people are either your brothers in religion or similar to you in creation’ was an attempt at epitomizing the Koranic verse ‘Indeed, we bestowed dignity upon the children of Adam’. For, short of the equal provision of all human rights, human dignity is not realized. Equal human rights based upon essential human dignity in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s government include equity (e.g. the equity of the distribution of public resources), safety, security, making a living, education, justice, property ownership, freedom, and self-determination.

Abstract از موضوعات راهبردی برای نظام‌های سیاسی در تمام جوامع، نظام سازی مطلوب اجتماعی و فرهنگی برای تحصیل آرمان‌ها و اهداف متعالی است و به همین دلیل، هر دولتی در جهت پایداری و ثبات سیاسی و توسعه جامعه و تأمین کمال افراد خود می‌بایست نسبت به یک سلسله مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌ها در این راستا وفادار بماند(ضرورت). این موضوع موردتوجه مکتب اسلام نیز قرارگرفته است. شکل‌گیری و بقای دولت مطلوب بر مبنای اسلام نیز از آرمانی‌ترین خواسته‌های این مکتب است که تنها با تکیه‌بر ارزش‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی مطلوب شکل می‌گیرد. در این پژوهش نویسنده مترصد آن است که با روش تحلیل مضمون با استناد به نگرش امیرمؤمنان(ع) در نهج‌البلاغه، در باب دولت سازی و با به‌کارگیری رویکرد نظری نظام سازی اجتماعی- فرهنگی، مؤلفه‌های اساسی اجتماعی سازی را از منظر امیرالمؤمنین(ع) مورد کنکاش قرار دهد(روش) درصدد پاسخ‌دهی به این سؤال است که مؤلفه‌های اجتماعی- فرهنگی برای شکل‌گیری یک نظام سیاسی مطلوب از منظر امیرالمؤمنین(ع) کدامند؟(سؤال) یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از این هست که برای رسیدن به‌نظام اسلامی مطلوب نیازمند اجتماعی سازی از طریق مؤلفه‌های دینی،اخلاقی، سیاسی و اجتماعی دوازده‌گانه هستیم.(یافته‌ها)

Abstract This research aims to interpret and analyze sermon 216 of Nahj al-Balagha. This sermon is considered one of the most important and richest sermons of Nahj al-Balagha, which provides a profound and comprehensive perspective on the ideology and intellectual system of Amir al-Mu'minin regarding governance and the relationship between the ruler and the people. In this study, Quentin Skinner’s intentionalist hermeneutic method has been used to analyze the sermon in order to understand the true intentions of Imam Ali(ra) in preaching it and gain an in-depth understanding of the concepts and themes hidden within it. According to Skinner’s method, the analysis of the sermon was carried out in five stages: The first stage examined the non-verbal communicative function of the sermon text and showed that articulating the concept of the bilateral flow of rights and responsibilities between rulers and people as well as guiding people towards this concept has been the primary concern of Imam Ali(ra) in this sermon. The second stage, through a precise examination of the historical context of that era, demonstrated that the main intention of Imam Ali(ra) in raising this concept was to return to the Prophetic tradition against the dominant Muawiyah-centered and ignorance-stricken culture of that time. In subsequent stages of analysis, it became clear that Imam Ali(ra), by deploying key concepts such as “perseverance”, “advice” and “cooperation”, has proposed a new norm in defining the relationship between the ruler and the people, which over time and with the full unity of the words and political actions of the Imam, has turned into a widespread and established norm in the history of Islamic civilization.
 

Abstract Context in the field of textology is one of the basic components that gives a functional role to the language of the text. The speech act theory is one of the pragmatic theories that considers the main meaning of linguistic statements to be dependent on its user. Therefore, understanding the used language depends on receiving the surrounding context and creating a positive interaction between it and the content. The discourse of caliphate in Nahj al-Balagha is a historical-political discourse; From this point of view, it was necessary to analyze this discourse in the shadow of the Imam Ali's linguistic statements and the external conditions governing them and to reconstruct the historical background of the caliphate. The present research hopes, by using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on John Searle's fife parts of the speech acts theory statements, to analyze the language used in the discourse of the caliphate. The findings of this study show that the statements used in the Caliphate discourse have a very strong relationship with the external context, so that language has gone out from its pure productive role and took a pragmatic role. The actions in speech and the ability to emphasize, explain, advise, and warn have a high frequency in the Imam's (AS) linguistic statements, which can be traced firstly in the form of declarative, persuasive, commitment, and emotional discourses in this discourse, and secondly, these discourses are most often manifested through indirect strategies and implicitly.

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The present study aims to investigate the translation of intertextuality in an English version of Nahj al-Balagheh with a descriptive-comparative-analytical method based on Leppihalme's (1997) model. For this purpose, allusions - as a sub-branch of intertextuality - were extracted from sermons, letters and wisdoms and 41 samples were randomly selected and analyzed. The strategies for PN and KP allusions used by the English translator - Seyyed Ali Reza (1987) – were found and the transfer of the concepts behind these  intertextual relations was examined. The results showed that, in most cases, the translator did not try to disambiguate the existing intertextuality for the translation of KP allusions, so he only provided a literal translation. The frequency of other strategies was low or zero. Regarding the translation of PN allusions, the two “literal strategy” and "additional information in the footnote" were equally used, and other strategies were ignored. This English translation has not conveyed the implicit concepts in many cases and tried to convey the beauty of literary words and meanings as they are in the original text, therefore no clarification has been made and the reader is required to discover and grasp these underlying concepts

Abstract This study aims to thoroughly examine the role of the Kharijites in weakening and overthrowing the government of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) while revisiting the roots and consequences of this conflict. It addresses a significant gap in historical-political research concerning one of Islam’s most contentious periods. Despite the importance of this subject, existing literature has largely offered one-dimensional or general analyses and has not comprehensively or multidimensionally elucidated the Kharijites’ position in the process of undermining Imam Ali’s authority. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and extensive library research on primary Islamic sources and contemporary studies, this research critically reevaluates diverse perspectives. Findings indicate that the Kharijite movement, by promoting takfiri ideology and extremist approaches, significantly intensified insecurity and division within the Islamic community. They played a key role in creating conditions conducive to the eventual destabilization of Imam Ali’s governance. Their violent actions, opposition to legitimate leadership, and alliance with political adversaries expanded the scope of political and doctrinal conflict. Nevertheless, Imam Ali’s resolute leadership and the community’s vigilance prevented the full realization of the Kharijites’ aims. By precisely framing the issue and exploring its multifaceted dimensions, this research contributes a deeper and more substantiated understanding of the Kharijites’ impact on Islamic political history

Abstract Religious concepts are mostly abstract matters, but according to the understanding of material man and his limited mind, they are expressed in the language of metaphor. Qur'an is the miracle of Islam and one of the two greatest virtues that guarantee human happiness by adhering to it. The truth of the Qur'an is a high spiritual concept and has unique characteristics that cannot be understood correctly and comprehensively outside of the context of the words of the innocents (PBUH). This research seeks to analyze the application of conceptual metaphor theory in introducing the truth of the Qur'an and its characteristics in the words of Hazrat Ali (pbuh) in Nahjal Balagha. The current research was compiled with the descriptive-analytical method and based on the theory of conceptual metaphors of Likoff and Johnson. From the findings of the research, it can be deduced that because the Holy Quran is a great truth, Imam Ali (AS) used various linguistic tools to make the audience understand the many abstract concepts of the Quran. It was known from the author of this research that in Nahj al-Balagheh 14 conceptual metaphors are used to introduce the Quran and its noble features, that Amir al-Mu'minin (a.s.) in each metaphor considered the components in the field of origin that were better known to the audience and made them attributed to the Holy Quran.

Abstract This study explores the religious and ideological climate of Kufa in the 1st and early 2nd centuries AH, focusing on the narrations of Isma'il ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Suddi al-Kabir (d. 127 AH), a respected scholar among both Sunni and Shia circles. Some scholars argue that the virtues attributed to Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and the Ahl al-Bayt were later fabrications by extremist Shia groups. This research challenges that view by analyzing al-Suddi’s narrations to determine whether reverence for the Ahl al-Bayt was present in early Islamic thought.

Although Sheikh Tusi lists al-Suddi among the companions of the Imams, he cannot be strictly categorized as a doctrinal Shia. His interpretations of Quranic verses related to Imam Ali and the Progeny of the Prophet, along with his emphasis on love (wilaya) for them, disavowal (bara'a) from their enemies, and recognition of their spiritual and moral superiority, indicate a widespread respect for the Ahl al-Bayt in Kufa during the Umayyad era.

These findings suggest that the veneration of the Ahl al-Bayt was not merely a later development but had roots in the early Islamic period. Al-Suddi’s balanced and widely accepted position provides insight into the general beliefs of the people of Kufa, showing that pro-Alid sentiment was embedded in the broader religious consciousness of the time.