The present study seeks to explain the relationship between judicial justice and human dignity in the thought of Imam Ali (A.S.) and to identify the mechanisms through which this relationship is articulated in Nahj al-Balagha. The study adopts a qualitative approach and employs directed qualitative content analysis. The initial coding framework was developed on the basis of concepts derived from the theoretical literature and previous research, while the analytical process remained open to revising the initial codes and generating new codes and subcategories emerging from the text. The data were purposively selected from relevant sermons, letters, and sayings of Nahj al-Balagha, with particular emphasis on the Covenant of Malik al-Ashtar, and were analyzed on the basis of meaningful textual statements. The findings were organized into three main categories: the anthropological and rights-based foundations of human dignity; mechanisms of judicial justice that safeguard dignity; and the relationship between judicial justice, public rights, and social justice. The results indicate that, in Imam Ali’s framework, judicial justice is not limited to rendering judgments or resolving disputes; rather, it is associated with recognition of human dignity and equality in dealing with people, judicial competence and independence, oversight of judicial performance, evidence-based adjudication and avoidance of judgment based on conjecture, limitations on the exercise of punitive power, restraint of partiality, and protection of public rights. Accordingly, human dignity may be regarded as a normative foundation, and judicial justice as one of the institutional mechanisms for safeguarding it.