This study aims to thoroughly examine the role of the Kharijites in weakening and overthrowing the government of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) while revisiting the roots and consequences of this conflict. It addresses a significant gap in historical-political research concerning one of Islam’s most contentious periods. Despite the importance of this subject, existing literature has largely offered one-dimensional or general analyses and has not comprehensively or multidimensionally elucidated the Kharijites’ position in the process of undermining Imam Ali’s authority. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and extensive library research on primary Islamic sources and contemporary studies, this research critically reevaluates diverse perspectives. Findings indicate that the Kharijite movement, by promoting takfiri ideology and extremist approaches, significantly intensified insecurity and division within the Islamic community. They played a key role in creating conditions conducive to the eventual destabilization of Imam Ali’s governance. Their violent actions, opposition to legitimate leadership, and alliance with political adversaries expanded the scope of political and doctrinal conflict. Nevertheless, Imam Ali’s resolute leadership and the community’s vigilance prevented the full realization of the Kharijites’ aims. By precisely framing the issue and exploring its multifaceted dimensions, this research contributes a deeper and more substantiated understanding of the Kharijites’ impact on Islamic political history